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M16CXO - M 16 (Eagle Nebula) Chandra X-Ray Point Source Catalog |
HEASARC Archive |
Overview
Mechanisms regulating the origin of X-rays in young stellar objects and the correlation with their evolutionary stage are under debate. Studies of the X-ray properties in young clusters allow us to understand these mechanisms. One ideal target for this analysis is the Eagle Nebula (M 16), with its central cluster NGC 6611. At 1750 pc from the Sun, it harbors 93 OB stars, together with a population of low-mass stars from embedded protostars to disk-less Class III objects, with age <= 3 Myr. The authors study an archival 78 ks Chandra/ACIS-I observation of NGC 6611 and two new 80-ks observations of the outer region of M 16, one centered on the Column V and the other on a region of the molecular cloud with ongoing star formation. They detect 1755 point sources with 1183 candidate cluster members (219 disk-bearing and 964 disk-less), studying the global X-ray properties of M 16 and comparing them with those of the Orion Nebula Cluster. The authors also compare the level of X-ray emission of Class II and Class III stars and analyze the X-ray spectral properties of OB stars. Their study supports the lower level of X-ray activity for the disk-bearing stars with respect to the disk-less members. The X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of M 16 is similar to that of Orion, supporting the universality of the XLF in young clusters. Eighty-five percent of the O-type stars of NGC 6611 have been detected in X-rays. With only one possible exception, they show soft spectra with no hard components, indicating that mechanisms for the production of hard X-ray emission in O stars are not operating in NGC 6611.The determination of the absorption corrected X-ray luminosity (LX), as well as the plasma temperature (kT) and hydrogen column density (NH), requires the analysis of the X-ray spectra. The authors fit the observed spectra with thermal plasma (with both one and two temperatures) and power-law models. They use the APEC ionization-equilibrium thermal plasma code, assuming the sub-solar elemental abundances of Maggio et al. (2007, APJ, 660, 1462). The absorption was treated using the WABS model. The one-temperature (1T) thermal model was applied to all the sources with more than 25 counts, while the two-temperature (2T) thermal model was applied to each source with more than 80 counts. The power-law model has been applied to those sources with hard spectra for which the best-fit thermal model predicts a plasma temperature kT > 5 keV. When more than one model has been used for a given source, the authors chose the best model by the chi-squared probability and visual inspection of the spectrum.
This table contains a description of the X-ray properties of 1754 sources (one less than stated in the abstract of the reference paper) derived from three Chandra/ACIS-I observations, together with a source classification based on the optical and infrared properties of each source. Data come from three ACIS-I observations (central or 'c', east or 'e', and north-east or 'ne') and many values are not averaged but presented for each observation as indicated by the parameter prefixes 'c_', 'e_', and 'ne_', respectively. Source detection has been performed with PWDetect, adopting a threshold corresponding to 10 spurious detections.
The HEASARC eliminated the 3 parameters describing the plasma temperature of the second spectral component and its associated negative and positive errors for sources in the north-east observation, as these were blank for all entries in the original table as obtained from the CDS.
Catalog Bibcode
2012ApJ...753..117GReferences
Chandra/ACIS-I study of the X-ray properties of the NGC 6611 and M16 stellar
populations.
Guarcello M.G., Caramazza M., Micela G., Sciortino S., Drake J.J.,
Prisinzano L.
<Astrophys. J., 753, 117 (2012)>
=2012ApJ...753..117G
Provenance
This table was created by the HEASARC in March 2013 based on the CDS Catalog J/ApJ/753/117 file xraycat.dat. Some of the values for the alt_name parameter in the HEASARC's implementation of this table were corrected in April 2018.Parameters
Source_Number
A running X-ray source number in order of increasing J2000.0 Right Ascension.
Name
The name for the X-ray source created by the HEASARC using the '[GCM2012]'
prefix (for Guarcello, Caramazza, Micela 2012) and the source number, in the
style recommended by the CDS Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects.
Alt_Name
An alternative name for the X-ray source also created by the HEASARC using
the 'CXOU' prefix (for Chandra X-ray Observatory, Unregistered) and the
truncated J2000.0 equatorial coordinates, in the style recommended by the CDS
Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects, e.g., 'CXOU JHHMMSS.S-DDMMSS'.
RA
The Right Ascension of the Chandra X-ray source in the selected equinox. This
was given in J2000.0 decimal degrees to a precision of 10-6 degrees in the
original table. ACIS Extract (AE) uses the source positions provided by the
source detection algorithm (PWDetect in this case). Once both the PSF and the
background for each source are evaluated, AE computes new source positions by
correlating the source images with the local PSF model. The user has the
possibility to use these new positions or retain the set of positions
provided by the source detection algorithm. As suggested by the AE manual,
the authors updated the positions of the sources observed with an off-axis
larger than 5 arcminutes (further coordinate corrections of Delta_RA = -0.18"
and Delta_Dec = -0.05" have been applied to cross-correlate the X-ray catalog
with the optical-IR catalog; see Section 2.2 of the reference paper).
Dec
The Declination of the Chandra X-ray source in the selected equinox. This was
given in J2000.0 decimal degrees to a precision of 10-6 degrees in the
original table. ACIS Extract (AE) uses the source positions provided by the
source detection algorithm (PWDetect in this case). Once both the PSF and the
background for each source are evaluated, AE computes new source positions by
correlating the source images with the local PSF model. The user has the
possibility to use these new positions or retain the set of positions
provided by the source detection algorithm. As suggested by the AE manual,
the authors updated the positions of the sources observed with an off-axis
larger than 5 arcminutes (further coordinate corrections of Delta_RA = -0.18"
and Delta_Dec = -0.05" have been applied to cross-correlate the X-ray catalog
with the optical-IR catalog; see Section 2.2 of the reference paper).
LII
The Galactic Longitude of the Chandra X-ray source.
BII
The Galactic Latitude of the Chandra X-ray source.
C_Off_Axis
The off-axis angle of the X-ray source from the pointing direction for the
east observation, in arcminutes.
E_Off_Axis
The off-axis angle of the X-ray source from the pointing direction for the
east observation, in arcminutes.
Ne_Off_Axis
The off-axis angle of the X-ray source from the pointing direction for the
north-east observation, in arcminutes.
C_Prob_No_Source
The probability associated with the null hypothesis that there is no real
source associated with the specified position in the central observation.
Only 21 sources have a probability value larger than the threshold of 0.1
typically used with AE.
E_Prob_No_Source
The probability associated with the null hypothesis that there is no real
source associated with the specified position in the central observation.
Ne_Prob_No_Source
The probability associated with the null hypothesis that there is no real
source associated with the specified position in the central observation.
C_Significance
The photometric significance of the X-ray source in the central observation
computed as the ratio of the net counts in 0.5-8 keV to the upper error in
the net counts.
E_Significance
The photometric significance of the X-ray source in the east observation
computed as the ratio of the net counts in 0.5-8 keV to the upper error in
the net counts.
Ne_Significance
The photometric significance of the X-ray source in the north-east
observation computed as the ratio of the net counts in 0.5-8 keV to the upper
error in the net counts.
Broad_Type
The class of the X-ray source, based on its optical/infrared properties
(disk-bearing members, disk-less members, foreground sources, and background
sources) following Guarcello et al. (2011, A&A, 521, A61) .
C_Raw_Counts
The total number of counts associated with the X-ray source in the whole
energy band (0.5-8.0 keV) in the central observation.
E_Raw_Counts
The total number of counts associated with the X-ray source in the whole
energy band (0.5-8.0 keV) in the east observation.
Ne_Raw_Counts
The total number of counts associated with the X-ray source in the whole
energy band (0.5-8.0 keV) in the north-east observation.
C_Counts
The net background-corrected counts associated with the X-ray source in the
whole energy band (0.5-8.0 keV) in the central observation. Background events
have been extracted for each source in circular annuli centered on the
sources, applying a mask for source counts defined in two iterations (first a
circular area covering 99% of the local PSF and then with a more accurate
mask region). The extraction regions of crowded sources are reduced to avoid
overlapping each other, down to 40% of the local PSF in the most crowded
regions.
E_Counts
The net background-corrected counts associated with the X-ray source in the
whole energy band (0.5-8.0 keV) in the east observation. Background events
have been extracted for each source in circular annuli centered on the
sources, applying a mask for source counts defined in two iterations (first a
circular area covering 99% of the local PSF and then with a more accurate
mask region). The extraction regions of crowded sources are reduced to avoid
overlapping each other, down to 40% of the local PSF in the most crowded
regions.
Ne_Counts
The net background-corrected counts associated with the X-ray source in the
whole energy band (0.5-8.0 keV) in the north-east observation. Background
events have been extracted for each source in circular annuli centered on the
sources, applying a mask for source counts defined in two iterations (first a
circular area covering 99% of the local PSF and then with a more accurate
mask region). The extraction regions of crowded sources are reduced to avoid
overlapping each other, down to 40% of the local PSF in the most crowded
regions.
C_PSF_Fraction
The fraction of the PSF of the X-ray source at 1.497 keV corresponding to the
extraction region in the central observation. The extraction regions of
crowded sources are reduced to avoid overlapping each other, down to 40% of
the local PSF in the most crowded regions.
E_PSF_Fraction
The fraction of the PSF of the X-ray source at 1.497 keV corresponding to the
extraction region in the east observation. The extraction regions of crowded
sources are reduced to avoid overlapping each other, down to 40% of the local
PSF in the most crowded regions.
Ne_PSF_Fraction
The fraction of the PSF of the X-ray source at 1.497 keV corresponding to the
extraction region in the north-east observation. The extraction regions of
crowded sources are reduced to avoid overlapping each other, down to 40% of
the local PSF in the most crowded regions.
C_Count_Rate
The count rate of the X-ray source in the 0.5-8.0 keV band in the central
observation, in ct/s.
E_Count_Rate
The count rate of the X-ray source in the 0.5-8.0 keV band in the east
observation, in ct/s.
Ne_Count_Rate
The count rate of the X-ray source in the 0.5-8.0 keV band in the north-east
observation, in ct/s.
C_Median_Energy
The median photon energy of the X-ray source in the 0.5-8.0 keV band in the
central observation, in keV.
E_Median_Energy
The median photon energy of the X-ray source in the 0.5-8.0 keV band in the
east observation, in keV.
Ne_Median_Energy
The median photon energy of the X-ray source in the 0.5-8.0 keV band in the
north-east observation, in keV.
C_NH
The value of the hydrogen column density NH, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the central observation. This value is
estimated either from the spectral fitting or from quantile analysis, as
described in Section 3 of the reference paper.
C_NH_Pos_Err
The upper error in the hydrogen column density, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the central observation.
C_NH_Neg_Err
The lower error in the hydrogen column density, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the central observation.
E_NH
The value of the hydrogen column density NH, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the east observation. This value is
estimated either from the spectral fitting or from quantile analysis, as
described in Section 3 of the reference paper.
E_NH_Pos_Err
The upper error in the hydrogen column density, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the east observation.
E_NH_Neg_Err
The lower error in the hydrogen column density, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the east observation.
Ne_NH
The value of the hydrogen column density NH, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the north-east observation. This value is
estimated either from the spectral fitting or from quantile analysis, as
described in Section 3 of the reference paper.
Ne_NH_Pos_Err
The upper error in the hydrogen column density, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the north-east observation.
Ne_NH_Neg_Err
The lower error in the hydrogen column density, in atoms cm-2, in the
direction of the X-ray source in the north-east observation.
C_kT_1
The plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal component, in keV, for the
X-ray source in the central observation. This value is estimated either from
the spectral fitting or from quantile analysis as described in Section 3 of
the reference paper.
C_kT_1_Pos_Err
The upper error in the plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the central observation.
C_kT_1_Neg_Err
The lower error in the plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the central observation.
E_kT_1
The plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal component, in keV, for the
X-ray source in the east observation. This value is estimated either from the
spectral fitting or from quantile analysis as described in Section 3 of the
reference paper.
E_kT_1_Pos_Err
The upper error in the plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the east observation.
E_kT_1_Neg_Err
The lower error in the plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the east observation.
Ne_kT_1
The plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal component, in keV, for the
X-ray source in the north-east observation. This value is estimated either
from the spectral fitting or from quantile analysis as described in Section 3
of the reference paper.
Ne_kT_1_Pos_Err
The upper error in the plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the north-east observation.
Ne_kT_1_Neg_Err
The lower error in the plasma temperature of the first APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the north-east observation.
C_Log_Lx
The logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of the Chandra source
in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the central observation. See Section 4 of
the reference paper for details on how LX is determined.
C_Log_Lx_Pos_Err
The upper error in the logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of
the Chandra source in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the central
observation.
C_Log_Lx_Neg_Err
The lower error in the logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of
the Chandra source in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the central
observation.
C_Log_Lx_Flag
This flag parameter is set to 'i' (for infinity, apparently) when the
negative error in the corresponding parameter is left blank. The HEASARC
believes that this should be interpreted as meaning that there is no finite
lower bound to the corresponding parameter value.
E_Log_Lx
The logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of the Chandra source
in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the east observation. See Section 4 of
the reference paper for details on how LX is determined.
E_Log_Lx_Pos_Err
The upper error in the logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of
the Chandra source in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the east observation.
E_Log_Lx_Neg_Err
The lower error in the logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of
the Chandra source in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the east observation.
E_Log_Lx_Flag
This flag parameter is set to 'i' (for infinity, apparently) when the
negative error in the corresponding parameter is left blank. The HEASARC
believes that this should be interpreted as meaning that there is no finite
lower bound to the corresponding parameter value.
Ne_Log_Lx
The logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of the Chandra source
in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the north-east observation. See Section 4
of the reference paper for details on how LX is determined.
Ne_Log_Lx_Pos_Err
The upper error in the logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of
the Chandra source in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the north-east
observation.
Ne_Log_Lx_Neg_Err
The lower error in the logarithm of the adopted X-ray luminosity log(LX) of
the Chandra source in the 0.5-8 keV band, in erg/s, in the north-east
observation.
Ne_Log_Lx_Flag
This flag parameter is set to 'i' (for infinity, apparently) when the
negative error in the corresponding parameter is left blank. The HEASARC
believes that this should be interpreted as meaning that there is no finite
lower bound to the corresponding parameter value.
C_Log_Lx_Calc_Flag
This flag indicates how the X-ray luminosity of the Chandra source in the
central observation was calculated:
1 = spectral fitting
2 = energy quantile analysis
3 = conversion from the count-rate
E_Log_Lx_Calc_Flag
This flag indicates how the X-ray luminosity of the Chandra source in the
east observation was calculated:
1 = spectral fitting
2 = energy quantile analysis
3 = conversion from the count-rate
Ne_Log_Lx_Calc_Flag
This flag indicates how the X-ray luminosity of the Chandra source in the
north-east observation was calculated:
1 = spectral fitting
2 = energy quantile analysis
3 = conversion from the count-rate
C_Spectral_Model
The spectral model used to fit the spectrum of the X-ray source in the
central observation, either thermal_1T, thermal_2T or power_law. (See
Overview above for more details on the spectral fitting.)
E_Spectral_Model
The spectral model used to fit the spectrum of the X-ray source in the east
observation, either thermal_1T, thermal_2T or power_law. (See Overview above
for more details on the spectral fitting.)
Ne_Spectral_Model
The spectral model used to fit the spectrum of the X-ray source in the
north-east observation, either thermal_1T, thermal_2T or power_law. (See
Overview above for more details on the spectral fitting.)
C_Ks_Prob_Constant
The K-S statistic for the null hypothesis that the source is not variable in
the 0.5-8keV band in the central observation.
E_Ks_Prob_Constant
The K-S statistic for the null hypothesis that the source is not variable in
the 0.5-8keV band in the east observation.
Ne_Ks_Prob_Constant
The K-S statistic for the null hypothesis that the source is not variable in
the 0.5-8keV band in the north-east observation.
C_kT_2
The plasma temperature of the second APEC thermal component, in keV, for the
X-ray source in the central observation. This value is estimated either from
the spectral fitting for those sources which are well-fit by a thermal
two-temperature plasma model.
C_kT_2_Pos_Err
The upper error in the plasma temperature of the second APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the central observation.
C_kT_2_Neg_Err
The lower error in the plasma temperature of the second APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the central observation.
E_kT_2
The plasma temperature of the second APEC thermal component, in keV, for the
X-ray source in the east observation. This value is estimated either from the
spectral fitting for those sources which are well-fit by a thermal
two-temperature plasma model.
E_kT_2_Pos_Err
The upper error in the plasma temperature of the second APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the east observation.
E_kT_2_Neg_Err
The lower error in the plasma temperature of the second APEC thermal
component, in keV, for the X-ray source in the east observation.
C_Photon_Index
The photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the source, if it is best
fitted by such a model, in the central observation.
C_Photon_Index_Pos_Err
The upper error in the photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the
source in the central observation.
C_Photon_Index_Neg_Err
The lower error in the photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the
source in the central observation.
E_Photon_Index
The photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the source, if it is best
fitted by such a model, in the east observation.
E_Photon_Index_Pos_Err
The upper error in the photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the
source in the east observation.
E_Photon_Index_Neg_Err
The lower error in the photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the
source in the east observation.
Ne_Photon_Index
The photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the source, if it is best
fitted by such a model, in the north-east observation.
Ne_Photon_Index_Pos_Err
The upper error in the photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the
source in the north-east observation.
Ne_Photon_Index_Neg_Err
The lower error in the photon index Gamma of the power-law model for the
source in the north-east observation.
Contact Person
Questions regarding the M16CXO database table can be addressed to the HEASARC Help Desk.Page Author: Browse Software Development Team
Last Modified: Wednesday, 23-Nov-2022 19:35:20 EST
- HEASARC Director: Dr. Andy Ptak
- NASA Official: Dr. Andy Ptak
- Web Curator: J.D. Myers
- Last Modified: 23-Nov-2022