10.1 Overview

CFITSIO supports an extended syntax when specifying the name of the data file to be opened or created that includes the following features:

CFITSIO can read IRAF format images which have header file names that end with the '.imh' extension, as well as reading and writing FITS files, This feature is implemented in CFITSIO by first converting the IRAF image into a temporary FITS format file in memory, then opening the FITS file. Any of the usual CFITSIO routines then may be used to read the image header or data. Similarly, raw binary data arrays can be read by converting them on the fly into virtual FITS images.
FITS files on the Internet can be read (and sometimes written) using the FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTPS, or ROOT protocols.
FITS files can be piped between tasks on the stdin and stdout streams.
FITS files can be read and written in shared memory. This can potentially achieve better data I/O performance compared to reading and writing the same FITS files on magnetic disk.
Compressed FITS files in gzip or Unix COMPRESS format can be directly read.
Output FITS files can be written directly in compressed gzip format, thus saving disk space.
FITS table columns can be created, modified, or deleted 'on-the-fly' as the table is opened by CFITSIO. This creates a virtual FITS file containing the modifications that is then opened by the application program.
Table rows may be selected, or filtered out, on the fly when the table is opened by CFITSIO, based on an user-specified expression. Only rows for which the expression evaluates to 'TRUE' are retained in the copy of the table that is opened by the application program.
Histogram images may be created on the fly by binning the values in table columns, resulting in a virtual N-dimensional FITS image. The application program then only sees the FITS image (in the primary array) instead of the original FITS table.

The latter 3 table filtering features in particular add very powerful data processing capabilities directly into CFITSIO, and hence into every task that uses CFITSIO to read or write FITS files. For example, these features transform a very simple program that just copies an input FITS file to a new output file (like the `fitscopy' program that is distributed with CFITSIO) into a multipurpose FITS file processing tool. By appending fairly simple qualifiers onto the name of the input FITS file, the user can perform quite complex table editing operations (e.g., create new columns, or filter out rows in a table) or create FITS images by binning or histogramming the values in table columns. In addition, these functions have been coded using new state-of-the art algorithms that are, in some cases, 10 - 100 times faster than previous widely used implementations.

Before describing the complete syntax for the extended FITS file names in the next section, here are a few examples of FITS file names that give a quick overview of the allowed syntax:

myfile.fits: the simplest case of a FITS file on disk in the current directory.
myfile.imh: opens an IRAF format image file and converts it on the fly into a temporary FITS format image in memory which can then be read with any other CFITSIO routine.
rawfile.dat[i512,512]: opens a raw binary data array (a 512 x 512 short integer array in this case) and converts it on the fly into a temporary FITS format image in memory which can then be read with any other CFITSIO routine.
myfile.fits.gz: if this is the name of a new output file, the '.gz' suffix will cause it to be compressed in gzip format when it is written to disk.
myfile.fits.gz[events, 2]: opens and uncompresses the gzipped file myfile.fits then moves to the extension with the keywords EXTNAME = 'EVENTS' and EXTVER = 2.
-: a dash (minus sign) signifies that the input file is to be read from the stdin file stream, or that the output file is to be written to the stdout stream. See also the stream:// driver which provides a more efficient, but more restricted method of reading or writing to the stdin or stdout streams.
ftp://legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov/test/vela.fits: FITS files in any ftp archive site on the Internet may be directly opened with read-only access.
http://legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov/software/test.fits: any valid URL to a FITS file on the Web may be opened with read-only access.
root://legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov/test/vela.fits: similar to ftp access except that it provides write as well as read access to the files across the network. This uses the root protocol developed at CERN.
shmem://h2[events]: opens the FITS file in a shared memory segment and moves to the EVENTS extension.
mem://: creates a scratch output file in core computer memory. The resulting 'file' will disappear when the program exits, so this is mainly useful for testing purposes when one does not want a permanent copy of the output file.
myfile.fits[3; Images(10)]: opens a copy of the image contained in the 10th row of the 'Images' column in the binary table in the 3th extension of the FITS file. The virtual file that is opened by the application just contains this single image in the primary array.
myfile.fits[1:512:2, 1:512:2]: opens a section of the input image ranging from the 1st to the 512th pixel in X and Y, and selects every second pixel in both dimensions, resulting in a 256 x 256 pixel input image in this case.
myfile.fits[EVENTS][col Rad = sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)]: creates and opens a virtual file on the fly that is identical to myfile.fits except that it will contain a new column in the EVENTS extension called 'Rad' whose value is computed using the indicated expression which is a function of the values in the X and Y columns.
myfile.fits[EVENTS][PHA > 5]: creates and opens a virtual FITS files that is identical to 'myfile.fits' except that the EVENTS table will only contain the rows that have values of the PHA column greater than 5. In general, any arbitrary boolean expression using a C or Fortran-like syntax, which may combine AND and OR operators, may be used to select rows from a table.
myfile.fits[EVENTS][bin (X,Y)=1,2048,4]: creates a temporary FITS primary array image which is computed on the fly by binning (i.e, computing the 2-dimensional histogram) of the values in the X and Y columns of the EVENTS extension. In this case the X and Y coordinates range from 1 to 2048 and the image pixel size is 4 units in both dimensions, so the resulting image is 512 x 512 pixels in size.
The final example combines many of these feature into one complex expression (it is broken into several lines for clarity):
```
   ftp://legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/sample.fits.gz[EVENTS]
   [col phacorr = pha * 1.1 - 0.3][phacorr >= 5.0 && phacorr <= 14.0]
   [bin (X,Y)=32]
```
In this case, CFITSIO (1) copies and uncompresses the FITS file from the ftp site on the legacy machine, (2) moves to the 'EVENTS' extension, (3) calculates a new column called 'phacorr', (4) selects the rows in the table that have phacorr in the range 5 to 14, and finally (5) bins the remaining rows on the X and Y column coordinates, using a pixel size = 32 to create a 2D image. All this processing is completely transparent to the application program, which simply sees the final 2-D image in the primary array of the opened file.

The full extended CFITSIO FITS file name can contain several different components depending on the context. These components are described in the following sections:

When creating a new file:
   filetype://BaseFilename(templateName)[compress]

When opening an existing primary array or image HDU:
   filetype://BaseFilename(outName)[HDUlocation][ImageSection][pixFilter]

When opening an existing table HDU:
   filetype://BaseFilename(outName)[HDUlocation][colFilter][rowFilter][binSpec]

The filetype, BaseFilename, outName, HDUlocation, ImageSection, and pixFilter components, if present, must be given in that order, but the colFilter, rowFilter, and binSpec specifiers may follow in any order. Regardless of the order, however, the colFilter specifier, if present, will be processed first by CFITSIO, followed by the rowFilter specifier, and finally by the binSpec specifier.

Multiple colFilter or rowFilter specifications may appear as separated bracketed expressions, in any order. Multiple colFilter or rowFilter expressions are treated internally as a single effective expression, with order of operations determined from left to right. CFITSIO does not support the @filename.txt complex syntax option if multiple expressions are also used.