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The Third Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-3)


artist concept of SAS-3

The third US Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-3) was launched in May 1975, with 3 major scientific objectives: 1) determine bright X-ray source locations to an accuracy of 15 arcseconds; 2) study selected sources over the energy range 0.1–55 keV; and 3) continuously search the sky for X-ray novae, flares, and other transient phenomena. It was a spinning satellite with pointing capability.

Mission Characteristics

Lifetime
May 1975–Apr 1979

Payload

There are four X-ray experiments on SAS-3 that all used proportional counters as detectors with different collimating system. The experiments were not co-aligned.

Modulation Collimators

Energy Range
2–11 keV
Field of View
12° × 12° (FWHM)
Angular Resolution
4.5′ (FWHM)
2 rotating modulation collimator systems. These were composite of a modulation collimator in front of a bank of proportional counters that detect X-ray in the bands 2–6 and 6–11 keV. The collimator has a transmission band with a FWHM of 4.5 arcmin and an overall FOV of 12° × 12° centered on the direction parallel to the spin axis (satellite Z-axis).

Slat Collimators

Energy Range
1–60 keV
Effective Area
75 cm2 each
Field of View
1° × 32° (center)
0.5° × 32° (left and right) (FWHM)
3 crossed slat collimators each with proportional counter. They were designed to monitor a large portion of the sky in a wide band of directions centered on the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the satellite (+Z). Each detector consisted of a proportional counter and collimator with an on-axis effective area of 75 cm2. The collimators define 3 long, narrow fields of view which intersect on the +Y axis and are inclined with respect to the YZ plane of the satellite at angles of -30°, 0°, and +30°, respectively. During scanning mode, an X-ray source would appear successively in the 3 detectors. Three lines of position could then be obtained, and their intersection determined the true source position. The center collimator had a field of view with FWHM 1° by 32° and a FW of 2° by 120°. The left and right collimators had narrower, but similar responses, i.e., 0.5° × 32° (FWHM) and 1.0° × 100° (FW). The proportional counters were filled with argon and were sensitive in the range 5–15 keV. In addition the center detector had also a xenon counter, located behind the argon detector, that extend the response to 60 keV. Over the energy range 1.5–6 keV, 1 count/s = 1.5 × 10-10 ergs/cm2/s for a Crab-like spectrum. In any given orbit, ∼60% of the sky was scanned by the center slat detector with an exposure ranging from 300–1125 cm2 sec.

Tube Collimators

Energy Range
1–60 keV
Field of View
1.7° circular
3 tube collimators (which were located above, below, and to the left of the slat collimators). The tube collimator located above the slat collimator was inclined at an angle of 5 degrees above the Y-axis, and could therefore be used as a background reference for the other tube collimators that view along the Y-axis.

Soft X-ray Concentrator

Energy Range
0.15–1.0 keV
Field of View
2.9°
1 low-energy detector system to the right of the slat collimators. It consisted of a set of 4 grazing incidence, parabolic reflection concentrators with 2 independent gas-flow counters sensitive to X-rays.

Science Highlights

  • Discovery of a dozen X-ray burst sources including the Rapid Burster
  • First discovery of X-rays from an highly magnetic white dwarf binary system, AM Her
  • Discovery of X-rays from Algol and HZ 43
  • Precise location of about 60 X-ray sources
  • Survey of the Soft X-ray background (0.1–0.28 keV)

Archive

The HEASARC hosts raw data in their native format